A magisterial history that recasts
the Enlightenment as a period not solely consumed with rationale and reason,
but rather as a pursuit of practical means to achieve greater human happiness.
One of the formative periods of European and world history, the Enlightenment
is the fountainhead of modern secular Western values: religious tolerance, freedom
of thought, speech and the press, of rationality and evidence-based argument.
Yet why, over three hundred years after it began, is the Enlightenment so
profoundly misunderstood as controversial, the expression of soulless
calculation? The answer may be that, to an extraordinary extent, we have
accepted the account of the Enlightenment given by its conservative enemies: that
enlightenment necessarily implied hostility to religion or support for an
unfettered free market, or that this was “the best of all possible worlds”.
Ritchie Robertson goes back into the “long eighteenth century,” from
approximately 1680 to 1790, to reveal what this much-debated period was really
about.